About Philippines

                           Philippines

• Spanish expedition claims the islands and names them the Philippines after the heir to the Spanish throne
• Civil and armed campaign for independence from Spanish rule begins
•  Revolutionary forces under Emilio Aguinaldo proclaim independence

• During brief Spanish-American War, US Navy destroys Spanish fleet in Manila Bay. Spain cedes Philippines to US, which proclaims military rule.
• Revolutionaries refuse to recognise US takeover, proclaim First Philippine Republic with General Aguinaldo as president, launch armed struggle against US forces known as Philippine-American War
• Philippine-American War formally ends as US civil government replaces military rule. Some independence forces fight on until defeat of Moro resistance in south in 1913

• Elected Philippine assembly inaugurated under US rule. 1916 - US government promises Philippines greater autonomy, leading to independence
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A plebiscite approves establishment of Commonwealth of Philippines. Manuel Quezon is its first president. Philippines promised full independence within 10 years.

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The written record of the Philippine Islands starts with the coming of the Spaniards. Not that the country had not had a history and a culture and a literature before! But the Spaniards, in their religious zeal, destroyed the earlier records as completely as possible. Therefore much of what is known about pre-Spanish days—and there is still much to be uncovered—comes from the records of other countries which were in touch with the islands.

Centuries before the influence of the West was felt in the Philippines, the culture of India, China, and southeastern Asia had reached that country through the early settlers. From the eighth to the fifteenth centuries, the Philippine Islands were part of a great Hindu-Malayan empire ruled from Java and Sumatra in the neighboring islands to the southwest.

Mohammedanism swept over this area of the world in the latter part of the fifteenth century. Moslems came into the Sulu Archipelago and Mindanao and converted the people. Their descendants, the Mores, have remained devout Mohammedans to this day.

By the time the Spaniards came to the islands, therefore, the Filipinos had developed a way of life and a distinct culture that were suitable and satisfactory to them. They had a calendar, weights and measures, a system of writing, some elements of law, some religious ideas showing both Hindu and Mohammedan influences, and had some skill in metalworking, pottery making, and weaving.

Magellan, on his voyage around the world, “discovered” the islands in 1521, nearly a half century before the first permanent settlement (St. Augustine, Florida) was established by Spain in the United States. Numerous other Spanish expeditions followed, and one of them gave to the islands the name “Las Filipinas” in honor of Philip II of Spain.

The islanders were no match for the armed men from the West. They were divided both geographically and politically. Their government was a simple system, made up of many barangays (originally family groups each with a headman). There was little unity among these clans.

By the end of the sixteenth century, most of the country except the southern islands had been conquered. The subject peoples were converted to the Catholic faith and for the next three hundred years came under the direct rule of Spanish governors and the all-pervading influence of Spanish priests.

Before our own American Revolution, the Filipinos had risen a half-dozen times against their Spanish overlords, and there were numerous lesser rebellions. Because the Filipinos had been unable during the nineteenth century to secure reforms peaceably, a secret society of the common people, the Katipunan, was formed in 1892. Revolution finally broke out in August 1896, and it was inflamed still further by the execution of Jose Rizal, the Filipino leader and national hero.

There are many heroes in Philippine history, but none stands out like Rizal. He was the embodiment of the people’s pride and of their desire for freedom. One of the small number of Filipinos able to secure a good education and to study abroad, he came back to his native land anxious to improve the condition of his people and the government which Spain imposed upon them. His books, such as The Social Cancer and Filibusterism, were not only outstanding for their social and political significance when they were written, but are still classed among the world’s great literature.

For having formed an illegal organization—the Philippine League—and for “inciting his people to rebellion” by his writings, Rizal was condemned to death by a military court. He was executed in December 1896, at the age of 35.

For a year thereafter the uneven struggle between the Filipinos and their Spanish overlords continued. Then a peace was arranged, the revolutionary leaders having been led to believe that Spain would make the desired reforms in government. 

About Mohammed Ali Jinnah

            My Hero Quaid-e-Azam 

Every person in this world has a hero. People have heroes because they really admire that person and they really look up to that person. They want to do what they have done and they have achieved in their life. Like every person, I also have a hero. My hero had a great personality and a great heart. His name is Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

I choose him as my hero because I really admire him. I admire his style, his personality and what he did for the Muslims of our country. He gave Muslims their freedom from the British Empire that was ruling at that time.

Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah was born on Dec. 25th, 1876, to a prominent mercantile family in Karachi. He was educated at the Sindh Madrassat-ul-Islam and the Christian Mission School. Jinnah joined the Lincoln's Inn in 1893 to become the youngest Indian to be called to the Bar. Three years later, he became Bombay's most famous lawyer. He formally entered politics in 1905 from the platform of the Indian National Congress. He went to England in that year as a member of a congress delegation to plead the cause of Indian self-governemnt during the British elections.

He got us, the Muslims, freedom by forming a political group called the Muslim League. When he talked to all the Muslims around in the sub-continent at that time, he said, "We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calandar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international law, we are a nation."

The Muslim league had a great impact on the nature of the Indian politics. By making the Muslim League, it shattered forever Hindu dreams of a pseudo-India. The British and the Indians were shocked at how all the Muslims came up together, asking for them to give them their own free country, which is now Pakistan.

To get the Muslim people freedom, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah played a big role. He was the only Muslim to stand up and rally all the Muslims together so they could have their freedom on Aug. 14, 1947. Before dying on Sept. 11th, 1948, he gave the Pakistanis a last message: "The foundations of your state have been laid and it is now for you to build and build as quickly and as well as you can."

Most people also admired him and one even said, "Gandhi died by the hands of an assassin; Jinnah died by his devotion to Pakistan".

That's why I really admire him. He is like a hero to everyone in my country. This is because of what he did for our country and for the Muslims. He fought so much for us and he did so much for us that no one can ever forget. You always hear about Gandhi and how he did so much for India, but you never hear about Quaid-e-Azam who did everything to get us at the point that we are right now. He is a great freedom hero for me.

History OF U.S.A

                          About United State Of America 

The discovery of the United States of America The famous Spanish traveler (Christopher Columbus) began in 1492 on an expedition at the request of the then Queen of Spain, and on October 12 of the same year, and was accompanied by the Spanish crew to reach the Bahamas islands within The Southeastern Shore, an area now known as the United States of America, was not empty at the time, but was inhabited by indigenous people, who were called (Indians), and then Columbus began on many trips on In fact, Columbus did not believe that he had arrived in America, and that he was touring Central America; he thought he was still within the limits of the shores of the Asian continent, and continued this belief until he died, and then began many trips The most important trip was the famous Italian (American Vespucci) who arrived on the south shore, noting that there is no similarity between him, and the Indian shores in Asia, and then realized that he arrived on a new continent called (America). [1] Settlement of the United States after they were discovered In America, attention began to turn to the newly discovered continent, the beginnings of the Spanish who settled in St. Augustine in Florida, specifically in 1565 AD, the French also settled in the area of ​​Saint Laurent in the north, followed by the Dutch who settled the island today known as the island of Manhattan, located In New York City, in addition to the English annexation of the colonial lands to their empire in 1664, the Swedes annexed a large swath of the indigenous population, dubbed New Sweden. The Swedes were able to colonize, settle, and the British, with their great power, annexed all the colonies, controlled the borders of the eastern shore of North America, and divided the region into thirteen colonies belonging to them. [1] Independence of the United States The English rule of America was characterized by injustice, and the impoverishment of other peoples. This led the Americans to come out in revolts against the rule of the English; in order to get rid of British colonialism and achieve the independence of the country, and revolutionary movements continued to escalate until he included the spokesman for democracy (Thomas J. Pearson, his official document addressed to the Continental Congress, demands the American people and a number of natural rights, such as the right to equality, where they voted for the country's independence, and was announced on July 4, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-six. [2] After the independence, the conflict between the Americans and the British did not stop even after the independence of America. A battle between the two parties, known as the Battle of Yorktown, which ended in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty-one, ended with the victory of the United States. The Paris Convention in 1972, which called for the end of the American Revolution, then the new state's landmarks began to emerge gradually, and the American Constitution was promulgated, in 1987, in addition to the writing of the national anthem and the establishment of political parties. In the early twentieth century, the United States participated in the First World War and in 1941 in the second word war]

About Wrestling

       Wrestling is one of the oldest forms of combat, referenced in the Iliad and depicted in 15,000-year-old cave drawings in France. Early Egyptian and Babylonian reliefs show moves still used today.

Always popular in ancient Greece, wrestling held a prominent place in the Olympic Games. It was developed by ancient Greeks as a way to train soldiers in hand-to-hand combat. After defeating the Greeks, the Roman Empire borrowed from Greek wrestling but eliminated much of the brutality. The Greeks feared the true history of the sport would be lost, and so Greco-Roman wrestling was born.

During the Middle Ages wrestling was popular, including in royal houses in France, Japan, and England. Much later, American settlers brought wresting traditions with them from England and discovered wrestling to be popular among the Native American tribes. During the early years of America’s development, amateur wresting was very popular, making appearances at county fairs, carnivals, holiday celebrations, and military exercises. Of the many styles practiced during that time, however, only the catch-as-catch-can survived, evolving into the style used today at the collegiate level.

1888: New York City, NY, is host to the first organized national wrestling tournament
1904: Saint Louis, MO, is host to the first wrestling competition of our modern Olympic Games
1912: The International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA) is founded in Antwerp, Belgium
1912: Ames, IA, is host to the first NCAA Wrestling Championships
1983: USA Wrestling becomes the national governing body of amateur wrestling
1987: Lorenskog, Norway, is host to the first world women’s wrestling championship
2004: the Olympic Games now includes women’s wrestling

China: a wrestling style called Shuai Jiao originated from China and has over 4,000 years of history
Egypt: documentation of wrestling appears on tombs (2300 BC) and Egyptian artwork (2000–1085 BC)
Greece: wrestling was a popular form of martial art (1100–146 BC)
Rome: Greek wrestling was adapted into Roman wrestling after the Romans conquered the Greeks (510 BC–AD 500)
Arabia: according to Arabic literature, Muhammed defeated a skeptic in a famous wrestling match
France: King Francis I beat King Henry VIII of England in a wrestling match in 1520, at the Field of the Cloth of Gold
Scotland: a variation on catch wrestling, or catch-as-catch-can, was developed by the Scots
Ireland: the collar-and-elbow style, which was eventually introduced in the United States, was developed by the Irish

About Magic

                

Magic is undoubtedly an ancient art. The earliest reported magic trick (the ‘cup and balls’ trick) is almost 5,000 years old (2,700 BC) by Dedi in ancient Egypt. The same trick was performed over 2,000 years ago in ancient Rome.

The cup and ball trick has been used for centuries since by street hustlers to con people out of money. In fact, throughout time magic has often been used to trick people into believing that the magician held some other kind of ‘power’, such as great gambling skill, the ability to make mechanical objects that are ‘alive’, or the possession of almost miraculous skills at lock-picking, psychic abilities or psychological ‘mind-reading’.

Another example of an ancient magic trick is the ‘Indian rope trick’. This trick has been reported to be performed in India for hundreds of years. The trick is performed outside. The magician throws a rope up into the air. The rope surprising stays standing up, reaching up into the air. The Magician’s boy assistant then climbs up the rope and apparently disappears into thin air at the top. The magician then climbs up the rope and also disappears. The audience hear them argue, then the limbs of the boy all fall down to the ground. The magician comes back down, places the boy’s limbs into a basket, and the live boy climbs back out.

Recent researchers have claimed that the whole story may be a myth. But others have claimed it was a genuine trick, and have explained it by the idea that the magician hypnotised all the audience at once, and performed the trick at dusk, with the low sun in the eyes, near a tree with low-hanging branches, which could have held the top of the rope up.

A lot of ancient magic came out of tricks used to cheat people at gambling. Playing cards have long been used in magic tricks. Although their exact origin is a mystery, it’s widely believed that playing cards were invented in China, where they may have originally been a form of money. They would have been both the tools of gambling and the prize to be won. They then arrived in Europe, via Egypt, around the late 13th Century. The four suits of this pack were different to the ones we have today, they were polo sticks, coins, swords, and cups. The modern design originated in France in 1480.

During the sixteenth Century onwards, magic techniques began to be used to trick people into believing that amazing mechanical beings had been created. The most famous of these was the Mechanical Chess playing Turk. This was a ‘clockwork’ life-sized figure dressed in Eastern costume seated at a very large box with a chess board and pieces on top of it. When it was first publicly displayed in 1770, in the imperial court of Vienna, people were shocked and amazed. The ‘clockwork’ man could move his arms and play chess against a Human opponent. So well, in fact, that he could play it to world-class standards. The mechanical Turk was taken all over the world and played before large audiences, it even played against Napoleon and Benjamin Franklin. Of course, the Turk was really an elaborate trick, a real man was cleverly hidden inside the box, and controlled the mechanical arms.

It was, however, only in the 19th Century that magic really took off. The inventor of the magic stage show, in the modern sense, was a French clockmaker called Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin (1805-1871), who opened a theatre in which he would display mechanical animals he had created that appeared to be alive. A similar magic theatre, called the ‘Egyptian Hall’ was opened in London soon afterwards. Then came possibly the best known magician of all time, the escapologist Harry Houdini (1874-1926). Whilst Houdini had a range of genuine skills, such as lock-picking, that helped his performances, they were undoubtedly also employing magic techniques for their effects

About Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln, by name Honest Abe, the Rail-Splitter, or the Great Emancipator, (born February 12, 1809, near Hodgenville, Kentucky, U.S.—died April 15, 1865, Washington, D.C.), 16th president of the United States (1861–65), who preserved the Union during the American Civil war and brought about the emancipation of the Slaves. (For a discussion of the history and nature of the presidency, 

Among American heroes, Lincoln continues to have a unique appeal for his fellow countrymen and also for people of other lands. This charm derives from his remarkable life story—the rise from humble origins, the dramatic death—and from his distinctively human and humane personality as well as from his historical role as saviour of the Union and emancipator of the slaves. His relevance endures and grows especially because of his eloquence as a spokesman for democracy. In his view, the Union was worth saving not only for its own sake but because it embodied an ideal, the ideal of self-government. In recent years, the political side to Lincoln’s character, and his racial views in particular, have come under close scrutiny, as scholars continue to find him a rich subject for research. The Lincon Memorial in Washington.D.C was dedicated to him on May 30, 1922
and pumpkin seeds he had helped his father plant. His father, Thomas Lincoln, was the descendant of a weaver’s apprentice who had migrated from England to Massachusetts in 1637. Though much less prosperous than some of his Lincoln forebears, Thomas was a sturdy pioneer. On June 12, 1806, he married Nancy Hanks. The Hanks genealogy is difficult to trace, but Nancy appears to have been of illegitimate birth. She has been described as “stoop-shouldered, thin-breasted, sad,” and fervently religious. Thomas and Nancy Lincoln had three children: Sarah, Abraham, and Thomas, who died in infancy

About Hazrat Ali (R.A)

HAZRAT Ali (R.A) (born c. 600, Mecca, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]—died January 661, Kufa.iraq ) Cousin and son-in-law of Hazrat MuahmmMu the Prophet of Islam and fourth of the “rightly guided” (rāshidūn) Caliph, calipha as the first four successors of Muhammad are called. Reigning from 656 to 661, he was the first Imam (leader) of shiism in all its forms. The question of his right to the caliphate (the political-religious structure comprising the community of Muslims and its territories that emerged after the death of Muhammad) resulted in the only major split in Islam, into the Sunni and Shīʿite branches.

HAZRAT Ali is known within the Islamic tradition by a number of titles, some reflecting his personal qualities and others derived from particular episodes of his life. They include Abūʾl-Ḥasan (“Father of Ḥasan” [the name of his oldest son]), Abū Turāb (“Father of Dust”), Murtaḍā (“One Who Is Chosen and Contented”), Asad ullah (“Lion of God”), Ḥaydar (“Lion”), and—specifically among Shīʿites—Amīr al-Muʾminīn (“Prince of the Faithful”) and Mawlāy-i Muttaqiyān (“Master of the God-Fearing”). The title Abū Turāb, for example, recalls the time when, according to tradition, Muhammad entered a Mosque an, seeing ʿAlī sleeping there full of dust, said to him, “O father of dust, get up

Except for Muhammad, there is no one in Islamic history about whom as much has been written in Islamic languages as ʿAlī. The primary sources for scholarship on the life of ʿAlī are the Hadith  (accounts of the Prophet Muhammad’s life), as well as other biographical sources and texts of early Islamic history. The extensive secondary sources include, in addition to works by Sunni and Shīʿite Muslims, writings by Christian Arabs, Hindus, and other non-Muslims from the Middle East and Asia and a few works by modern Western scholars. However, many of the early Islamic sources are coloured to some extent by a bias, whether positive or negative, toward ʿAlī.